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The Ramifications and Reality of Breaching the Dams of the Pacific Northwest -- Part 1 by Sarah Clendenon Idaho Dispatch, April 7, 2024

What are the ramifications and true reality of
breaching the dams in the pacific northwest (PNW)?

Idaho Dispatch brought you this article last December when the Biden Administration reached an agreement with Oregon, Washington, and four Pacific Northwest Native American Tribes. Now we will look back at the history and examine the myriad aspects of this topic which must be discussed and analyzed thoroughly. A short list to begin includes: the population and health of salmon, the irrigation/farming/water rights which will be affected, the financial impacts, the shipping and barging system, and hydroelectric power.

We start with history, legal aspects, a brief touching on the introduction to the salmon topic, and an introduction to the shipping and barging system. Each has far reaching effects on the PNW, as well as the entire nation. Future articles will discuss additional points of this multi-faceted issue.

A short explanation of the history of the discussion can be found in this paper titled, Irrigation Sector Economic Impacts on the Lower Snake River -- Benchmark Review for Dam Breaching and Mitigation Costs.

"The LSR [Lower Snake River] projects -- Lower Granite, Little Goose, Lower Monumental, and Ice Harbor -- were constructed during the 1962-1975 period. Since construction, about half of the projects' operating life has been subjected to Endangered Species Act (ESA) litigation, with an initial ESA violation filing made by EarthJustice in 1992.

The Federal Courts have upheld several operating challenges levied by EarthJustice, representing about ten regional environmental and sport fishing groups, with support from others. Over the course of thirty years, project operations have been significantly altered to obtain survival improvements to migrating juvenile salmon and steelhead and returning adult fish. These changes have principally affected hydro power production, to increase flows over the spillways, as opposed to power production, as well as other operational and system changes.

The project operations to date have not directly affected irrigation operations along the river. The irrigation pumping systems rely on stable reservoir levels created by the LSR dams, and portions of the Upper McNary Pool reaching into the tailrace of the Ice Harbor Dam. But things could change.

In 2016, U.S. Federal District (OR) Judge Michael Simon vacated the 2014 Biological Opinion for Columbia-Snake River hydro project operations, a centerpiece for fish protection under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). He accepted the argument by the state of Oregon, EarthJustice, and other plaintiffs that the Columbia River System Operation (CRSO) agencies had failed to include adequate operation measures to protect thirteen "listed" salmon and steelhead species from "risk of extinction." In doing so, Judge Simon further ordered the CRSO agencies to prepare a new Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), that would become the technical foundation for a new Biological Opinion, changing hydro project operations. His order was very specific, in that he told the agencies to review in detail a Lower Snake River dam breaching/drawdown alternative.

The CRSO agencies completed the Final EIS in September 2020. It was immediately challenged by the BiOp litigation plaintiffs, EarthJustice, et al., the state of Oregon, and with Tribal support. Rather than file immediately in 2021 for injunctive relief, the plaintiffs agreed to pursue a litigation "stay" with the federal agencies (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation-Interior, and NOAA Fisheries). The stay period was to determine if a settlement agreement could be fashioned that would meet the plaintiffs' dam breaching objective and still mitigate for major river system economic industries, the electric power production, Lower Snake River (LSR) barge navigation, and irrigation projects along the Ice Harbor-Upper McNary pools.

Proceeding concurrently with the Federal EIS Process, the Washington State legislature approved funding for a stakeholder study to address issues associated with the possible removal of the four LSR dams. This study was supported by Gov. Inslee and Sen. Murray. Its two conclusions were: 1) the LSR dams should be breached to protect/restore salmon and steelhead recovery; and 2) dam breaching should be conditional on providing "replacement services" to the major industries being affected. Recognizing the technical deficiencies associated with the first study, the legislature authorized a second study to deal more thoroughly with the dam breaching proposition; during the 2023 legislative session, legislators and Gov. Jay Inslee approved funding for further state review of LSR dam breaching impacts to the irrigation sector."

Important to note from this article in August of 2022, in regard to one aspect of the salmon topic, the state of Idaho responded to a motion to stay the legal proceedings (a "stay" is a delay until a future date):

"Idaho, an intervenor-defendant, filed a response to the motion saying it does not oppose the stay, but does not agree with some of the statements in exhibits, including the actions related to reintroducing fish in the upper Columbia or Snake rivers that could enter Idaho without the state's consent. The response noted that a state law prohibits introduction or reintroduction of any species into the state without approval from the state Legislature and governor. The response also said the state is opposed to any actions that lead to breaching the four lower Snake River dams but recognizes that breaching will be examined as a part of the process."

"The Columbia Snake River System is one of the leading trade gateways in the United States. Over 8.6 million tons of cargo are moved by barge on the inland portion of the system, feeding the deep draft lower Columbia River which transported over 51 million tons of cargo in 2020. The Columbia Snake River System is the top wheat export gateway in the nation, second for soy and corn exports, and tops on the West Coast for autos, wood and mineral bulk exports. The inland and deep draft portions of the system work together to provide a vital link between U.S. growers and manufacturers with global customers."

"Barging would no longer be a viable transportation method…

"The dams hold back 80 to 100 feet of water, creating navigation pools deep enough to travel to Lewiston, Idaho," said Rob Rich, vice president of marine services for Shaver Transportation Co., a tug and barge company.

"No dams, no locks, no depth of water, no barge transport," Rich said.

"Without the Snake River dams, navigation would go only as far upstream as East Pasco and Burbank, Wash.," he said. Rich estimates 650 to 700 barge loads of wheat originate on the Snake River each year. "Each barge carries 3,600 tons, or 120,000 bushels, of wheat," Rich said.

"About 28% of Idaho's wheat crop goes onto barges," said Scott Corbitt, general manager of the Port of Lewiston, which is upstream from the four dams. "Loss of barging would increase grain shipping costs by 30 to 50 cents per bushel, or $70 million a year," Corbitt estimated. "Those added costs would have to be absorbed by farmers."