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Scientists Assert Only Breaching Can Cool Northwest Waterways by Eric Barker Post Register, October 23, 2019

Removing four lower Snake River dams will chill rivers
to the benefit of salmon, steelhead populations

In a letter to Northwest policymakers Tuesday, more than 50 scientists said breaching the four lower Snake River dams is the only action that can counteract warm summertime water in the lower Snake and Columbia rivers that often reaches temperatures that can be lethal to salmon and steelhead.

In the coming years, climate change will continue to worsen the problem of elevated water temperatures in the sunbaked slackwater reservoirs behind the dams, they said.

According to the letter, modeling by the Environmental Protection Agency shows federal dams on the two rivers elevate water temperatures. John Day Dam on the Columbia River causes a rise of as much as 6.3 degrees, and Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little Goose and Lower Granite dams on the Snake River cause a rise of 12 degrees, compared to a free-flowing river.

"The impact of additional heating in lower Snake River reservoirs is clear, and it can drive water temperatures above 68F for extended periods in late summer and early fall -- dangerous for salmon and steelhead," according to the letter signed by 55 scientists and addressed to the governors and congressional delegations representing Idaho, Oregon and Washington.

"Hot water kills cold-water fish. That is what is happening now, when adult salmon try to return home through reservoirs that are too warm for long periods of time," said Dave Cannamela, a retired Idaho Fish and Game fisheries biologist who lives at Boise.

Rick Williams, an independent fisheries scientist who lives at Boise, said breaching the Snake River dams would lessen the problem even if water temperatures continued to sometimes exceed 68 degrees. Such incidences would be much shorter in nature, he said.

"We know these fish can be in sub-lethal conditions for limited amounts of time. When the length of time prolongs, the mortality starts to show up," he said.

Summertime water temperatures have long been a concern for adult salmon and steelhead that must persist in the water as they surge upriver to spawn in cool mountain streams. The problem is most pronounced for endangered Snake River sockeye salmon that swim up the Columbia and Snake rivers starting in June when water temperatures are starting to climb. Steelhead and fall chinook must also contend with warm water on their return from the Pacific Ocean in July, August and September.

In 2015, a dry and warm winter left the mountains of the Pacific Northwest with meager snow packs that dissipated quickly in the spring. The arid winter was followed by a scorching summer that, when combined with low river flows, heated the water well above 68 degrees, considered a tipping point for salmon and steelhead. Temperatures into the 70s persisted for weeks on end and sockeye perished in unprecedented numbers. About 96 percent of the sockeye bound for Idaho's Stanley Basin died in the Columbia and Snake rivers. More plentiful sockeye bound for the middle Columbia River died in similar numbers.

That summer's low flows and high temperatures were well outside of normal conditions, but may not be in the future.

"The extreme conditions faced by migrating adult salmon in 2015 will become more frequent as the climate continues to warm," the letter said.

The warm water can also cause the fish to delay their migration. Some seek out cool water at places like the mouth of the Deschutes River or in Drano Lake at the mouth of the Little White Salmon River. Others stall at dams because the water used in fish ladders is often drawn from the surface of the river and thus warmer than the deep water the fish sometimes travel in.

Officials at the Army Corps of Engineers have added mechanisms at Lower Granite and Little Goose dams that feeds colder water drawn from depth to the fish ladders.

Federal officials have also used cold water releases from Dworshak Reservoir on the North Fork of the Clearwater River to mitigate temperatures in the Snake River. The action is considered a partial success but one that doesn't provide much cooling beyond Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River.

The scientists wrote that those efforts are insufficient to address the problem and they fear an environmental impact statement under construction by the Corps, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the Bonneville Power Administration, collectively known as the "action agencies," will not adequately address the problem.

However, they pointed to modeling that showed if the Snake River dams had not existed in 2015, the cold water releases from Dworshak Reservoir would have provided enough cooling for sockeye and other anadromous fish to survive.

Matt Rabe, a spokesman for the Corps at Portland, pointed to the cold water releases from Dworshak Reservoir and efforts to cool fish ladders at Lower Granite and Little Goose dams as measures the federal government is taking to address the problem. He also said the lower Snake River often exceeded the threshold considered safe for salmon in July and August even before the dams were constructed.

Michael Milstein, a spokesman for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, the federal agency in charge of preserving and restoring threatened and endangered Snake River salmon and steelhead, said his agency agrees summer water temperatures are an important issue and noted most of the sockeye that died in 2015 did so in the Columbia River and not the Snake River.

"We have worked with the action agencies on improved information and management of temperatures through the hydrosystem," Milstein said. "These include new instrumentation at dams, systems to cool and reduce temperature differentials at fish ladders and improved temperature models to inform the EIS process."

Related Sites:
Scientists Alert Policymakers in Letter That Urgent Action Needed to Cool River Waters to Prevent Salmon Extinction by 55 Scientists including Rick Williams, former chair of the Independent Scientific Advisory Board for the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

Related Pages:
Scientists Warn of Salmon Extinction If Snake River Dams Stay by Simone Del Rosario, Q13 Fox, 10/23/19
Simpson Should Start With This 'What If' Question by Marty Trillhaase, Lewiston Tribune, 5/5/19